Penobscot Building
The Greater Penobscot Building, a 47-story Art Deco skyscraper, has been a defining feature of the Detroit skyline for over 80 years[1]. Located prominently overlooking Campus Martius, the building represents a significant period in Detroit’s architectural and economic history. Its construction marked a high point in the city’s development and continues to serve as a landmark for residents and visitors alike.
History
The Penobscot Building is not a single structure, but rather a complex of three buildings constructed over a period of years[2]. The initial Penobscot building, a 13-story structure, was erected in 1905 by Simon J. Murphy, a lumber baron who had made his fortune in Maine and later relocated to Detroit. Tragically, Murphy died shortly before the building’s completion. This first Penobscot was followed by a 24-story tower in 1916, also built by the Murphy family.
The most recognizable Penobscot Building, the 47-story Greater Penobscot, was constructed between 1927 and 1929 at a cost of $5 million[3]. Designed by Wirt C. Rowland of the firm Smith Hinchman & Grylls[4], the Greater Penobscot quickly became a symbol of Detroit’s ambition and prosperity. Upon its informal opening in October 1928, it was the eighth-tallest building in the world and the fourth-tallest in the United States, reaching a height of 565 feet. It held the title of Detroit’s tallest building until 1977, when the Renaissance Center surpassed it. The formal opening took place in January 1929, just weeks before the death of William H. Murphy, son of the original builder.
Geography
The Penobscot Building occupies a prime location in downtown Detroit, directly overlooking Campus Martius, a central gathering place and park[5]. This central location makes it easily accessible from various points within the city and surrounding areas. The building’s height allows for panoramic views of the Detroit River, the city skyline, and the surrounding metropolitan area. Its presence significantly shapes the urban landscape of downtown Detroit.
The building’s location also places it within walking distance of numerous other significant landmarks, including theaters, restaurants, and historical sites. The surrounding area has undergone considerable revitalization in recent years, with new developments and improvements to public spaces enhancing the building’s appeal and accessibility. The proximity to major transportation hubs further contributes to its geographic significance.
Culture
The architectural style of the Greater Penobscot Building is a prime example of Art Deco design[6]. The building features elaborate ornamentation and geometric patterns characteristic of the Art Deco movement. Notably, the exterior of the building includes swastikas, which were incorporated as part of an American Indian motif symbolizing sun worship, and are angled differently than those used by the Nazi party. Despite suggestions to remove them during World War II, they were retained due to their historical and cultural context.
Inside the building, the work of sculptor Corrado Parducci adds to its cultural richness. Parducci created river-like motifs and depictions of logs floating downstream, paying tribute to the original owner, Simon J. Murphy’s, roots in Maine and his early career in the lumber industry[7]. An urban legend surrounds the building's tower and its red orb, which was once rumored to be a port for dirigibles. However, the orb was actually an aviation beacon, intended to guide aircraft. Today, the tower and its light serve primarily as a decorative feature.
Economy
Throughout its history, the Penobscot Building has served as a center for business and commerce in Detroit. Originally built to house a variety of tenants, the building has seen changes in its occupancy over the decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the building was briefly known as the City National Bank Building due to the presence of a major bank’s headquarters within its walls[8].
Currently, the Penobscot Building continues to function as a multi-tenant office building, housing a diverse range of businesses and organizations. Its central location and prestigious address make it an attractive option for companies seeking a presence in downtown Detroit. The building’s ongoing occupancy contributes to the economic vitality of the surrounding area and supports employment opportunities within the city. The building also benefits from the ongoing revitalization efforts in downtown Detroit, which have attracted new investment and development.
Attractions
While not a traditional tourist attraction with guided tours, the Penobscot Building’s architectural significance and prominent location make it a point of interest for visitors to Detroit. Its exterior can be admired from Campus Martius Park and surrounding streets, offering excellent photo opportunities. The building’s Art Deco design and distinctive tower are particularly noteworthy features.
The building’s lobby, featuring the sculptural work of Corrado Parducci, is also accessible to the public during business hours. Visitors can appreciate the intricate details and artistic craftsmanship of the lobby’s design. The Penobscot Building Annex, a related structure, is also of architectural interest and contributes to the overall historical significance of the complex[9].
Getting There
The Penobscot Building is easily accessible by various modes of transportation. It is located within walking distance of the Detroit People Mover, a light rail system that circles the downtown area. Several bus routes also serve the area, providing convenient access from different parts of the city. For those traveling by car, parking is available in nearby garages and surface lots.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport (DTW) is the nearest major airport, offering connections to destinations worldwide. From the airport, visitors can take a taxi, ride-sharing service, or airport shuttle to reach downtown Detroit and the Penobscot Building. The building’s central location and proximity to major transportation hubs make it a convenient destination for both residents and visitors.
Architecture of Detroit
Downtown Detroit
Campus Martius
Skyscrapers of Detroit